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Industrial Encoders
are rotary and linear devices which determine the position of part of
a machine. Rotary encoders determine shaft position, while linear encoders
determine linear position.
Encoders may be either incremental or absolute.
Incremental encoders
emit pulses which determine how far the device has rotated (if a rotary
encoder), or moved (if a linear encoder). In other words, you know how
far you moved, but not where you started, or where you finished.
Incremental encoders may be rotary or linear. The first key specification
is the number of pulses per revolution (PPR) or pulses per inch (or
centimeter). PPR of 250, 512, 1000, 1024, or even up to 100,000 pulses
per revolution are available.
Incremental encoders
emit either uni-directional or bi-directional pulses. The most common
form of uni-directional pulse is a simple square wave voltage pulse
formed as a slit moves between a fixed photo-transistor and an LED.
Absolute encoders
are much more complex than incremental encoders and cost more. Absolute
encoders are used to determine the absolute or actual rotary or linear
position of part of a machine. They do this by use of a special multiple
slit arrangement. Absolute encoders have multiple slit, photo-transistor,
LED sets -- most commonly 10 or 12. These sets lead to bert outputs.
Some absolute encoders
offer a high-speed serial communications capability.
Because of the special multiple slit arrangement, a unique ON and OFF
output configuration is found for each specific location on the encoder.
But there is a significant cost for this capability. Unlike the simple
two or three channel incremental encoder, an absolute encoder must transmit
its information over multiple parallel output lines. Thus, to get a
resolution of 1 part in 1024, the absolute encoder requires 10 output
lines (or bits), while a resolution of 1 part in 4096 requires 12 output
lines (or bits).
Resolutions of up
to 1 part in 23 bits (0.00034 degrees) are available in some rotary
encoders. Other rotary encoders offer multiple turn capability, with
the ability to determine 1 part in 4096 per revolution over a total
of 4096 revolutions.
Most absolute encoders
offer the ability to determine the absolute position immediately after
power up. No homing moves need to be programmed into the system as is
commonly done with an incremental encoder.
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